Attack Vectors Analysis
This document analyzes potential attack vectors against the Secure CINC Auditor Kubernetes Container Scanning solution, with a focus on their likelihood, impact, and implemented mitigations.
Unauthorized Access to Container Contents
Description
This attack vector involves unauthorized users gaining access to container contents, potentially exposing sensitive data, configurations, or intellectual property.
Attack Paths
- Compromised Service Account: Attacker obtains a service account token with container access permissions
- RBAC Misconfiguration: Overly permissive RBAC roles grant unnecessary access
- Authentication Bypass: Exploitation of authentication mechanisms to gain unauthorized access
- Token Theft: Interception or exfiltration of valid access tokens
Mitigations
Mitigation |
Implementation |
Effectiveness |
Least Privilege RBAC |
Service accounts with minimal permissions |
High |
Time-limited Tokens |
Tokens expire after 15-30 minutes |
High |
Namespace Isolation |
RBAC roles limited to specific namespaces |
Medium-High |
Resource Name Constraints |
Access limited to specific pods |
High |
Audit Logging |
Comprehensive logging of all access attempts |
Medium |
Approach-Specific Considerations
Scanning Approach |
Attack Vector Exposure |
Additional Mitigations |
Kubernetes API |
Low |
Standard API access controls |
Debug Container |
Medium |
Ephemeral container lifecycle management |
Sidecar Container |
Medium-High |
Process namespace restrictions, security contexts |
Privilege Escalation
Description
This attack vector involves attackers gaining higher privileges than intended, potentially allowing them to modify resources, access sensitive data, or compromise the cluster.
Attack Paths
- Container Escape: Breaking out of container boundaries to access host or other containers
- Permission Escalation: Leveraging permissions to gain additional access
- Capability Abuse: Exploiting container capabilities to perform privileged operations
- Vulnerable Components: Exploiting vulnerabilities in scanner or Kubernetes components
Mitigations
Mitigation |
Implementation |
Effectiveness |
Non-privileged Execution |
Scanner runs as non-root user |
High |
Minimal Capabilities |
Containers run with minimal Linux capabilities |
High |
Read-only Filesystem |
Scanner uses read-only root filesystem |
Medium-High |
Security Contexts |
Strict security contexts for all containers |
High |
No Host Mounts |
Containers have no access to host filesystem |
High |
Approach-Specific Considerations
Scanning Approach |
Attack Vector Exposure |
Additional Mitigations |
Kubernetes API |
Low |
Standard container boundaries maintained |
Debug Container |
Medium |
Limited debug container capabilities |
Sidecar Container |
Medium-High |
Process isolation controls, additional security contexts |
Description
This attack vector involves unauthorized access to sensitive information, such as container contents, scanning results, or security findings.
Attack Paths
- Result Interception: Capturing scan results during transmission
- Log Analysis: Extracting sensitive information from logs
- Token Extraction: Obtaining service account tokens from exposed locations
- Scanning Process Analysis: Analyzing scanner behavior to infer container contents
Mitigations
Mitigation |
Implementation |
Effectiveness |
TLS Communication |
All API communication encrypted |
High |
Secure Result Handling |
Proper encryption and access controls for results |
Medium-High |
Minimal Logging |
Limited sensitive data in logs |
Medium |
Token Security |
Secure handling of service account tokens |
High |
Network Policies |
Restricted communication between components |
Medium-High |
Approach-Specific Considerations
Scanning Approach |
Attack Vector Exposure |
Additional Mitigations |
Kubernetes API |
Low |
Standard API security controls |
Debug Container |
Medium |
Ephemeral container network isolation |
Sidecar Container |
Medium |
Pod-level network policies |
Denial of Service
Description
This attack vector involves disrupting scanning operations or targeting container workloads through resource exhaustion or service interruption.
Attack Paths
- Resource Exhaustion: Consuming excessive CPU, memory, or I/O resources
- Long-running Scans: Initiating many concurrent or long-running scans
- API Flooding: Overwhelming the Kubernetes API server with requests
- Scanner Process Disruption: Interfering with scanner processes
Mitigations
Mitigation |
Implementation |
Effectiveness |
Resource Limits |
CPU and memory limits on scanner containers |
High |
Rate Limiting |
Limiting scan frequency and concurrency |
Medium-High |
Timeouts |
Automatic termination of long-running scans |
Medium |
Graceful Failure Handling |
Proper error handling for disrupted scans |
Medium |
Dedicated Namespaces |
Isolation of scanner resources |
Medium-High |
Approach-Specific Considerations
Scanning Approach |
Attack Vector Exposure |
Additional Mitigations |
Kubernetes API |
Low |
API request throttling |
Debug Container |
Medium |
Ephemeral container resource constraints |
Sidecar Container |
Medium |
Pod-level resource quotas |
MITRE ATT&CK Mapping
The scanning approaches help mitigate several container-related attack techniques from the MITRE ATT&CK framework:
ATT&CK Technique |
Description |
Mitigations |
T1610 - Deploy Container |
Attackers deploy malicious containers |
Strong RBAC prevents unauthorized container deployment |
T1613 - Container Discovery |
Discovery of container environment |
Limited visibility to container resources |
T1543.005 - Container Service |
Creating persistent container services |
Prevents modification of container configurations |
T1552 - Unsecured Credentials |
Discovering credentials in containers |
Short-lived tokens prevent credential theft |
T1611 - Container Escape |
Breaking out of container isolation |
Minimal privileges and container hardening |
Attack Surface Comparison
When comparing the attack surface of each scanning approach:
Attack Surface Factor |
Kubernetes API Approach |
Debug Container Approach |
Sidecar Container Approach |
Number of Components |
🟢 Minimal |
🟠Moderate |
🟠Moderate |
Added Container Processes |
🟢 None |
🟠Temporary |
🔴 Permanent |
Required Permissions |
🟢 Minimal |
🟠Moderate |
🟠Moderate |
Network Interfaces |
🟢 Standard API only |
🟢 Standard API only |
🟢 Standard API only |
Duration of Exposure |
🟢 Scan duration only |
🟠Scan duration plus setup |
🔴 Pod lifetime |